„Early Slavic settlements were no larger than 0.5 to 2 hectares. Settlements were often temporary, perhaps a reflection of the itinerant form agriculture they practiced.[100] Settlements were often located on river terraces. The largest proportion of settlement features were the sunken buildings, called Grubenhäuser in German, or poluzemlianki in Russian. They were erected over a rectangular pit and varied from four to twenty square meters of floor area, which could accommodate a typical nuclear family. Each house contained a stone or clay oven in one of the corners, a defining feature of the dwellings throughout Eastern Europe. On average, each settlement consisted of fifty to seventy individuals.[101] Settlements were structured in specific manner; there was a central, open area which served as a ”communal front„ where communal activities and ceremonies were conducted. The settlement was polarized, divided into a production zone and settlement zone.”

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Slavs

pogledajte kako se ovo poklapa sa opisom naselja u butmiru iz neolita koje sam već gore postavio:

„kuce su bile podignute u redovima,sa prolazima od 2 do 3 m između njih; tetrg za zajednicke potrebe”

„In Poland the earliest archeological sites considered Slavic include a limited number of 6th century settlements and a few isolated burial sites. The material obtained there consists mostly of simple, manually formed ceramics, typical of the entire early Slavic area. It is because of the different varieties of these basic clay pots and infrequent decorations that the three cultures are distinguished.[24] The largest of the earliest Slavic (Prague culture) settlement sites in Poland that have been subjected to systematic research is located in Bachórz, Rzeszów County and dated the second half of 5th through 7th centuries. It consisted of 12 nearly square, partially dug out houses, each covering the area of 6.2 to 19.8 (14.0 on the average) square meters. A stone furnace was usually placed in a corner, which is typical for Slavic homesteads of that period, but clay ovens and centrally located hearths are also found.[12] 45 younger, different type dwellings (7/8th to 9/10th century) have also been discovered in the vicinity.[25][26]”

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_...ly_Middle_Ages

„By using early manifestations of pottery of the Slavic Korchak culture, named for a region in Ukraine where it was first identified, and of the small, sunken-floored dwellings that are typical of Slavs, four important movements of early Slavs have been identified: first, along the east flank of the Carpathian Mountains toward the Danube plain and the Balkans; second, along the north flank of the western Carpathians through southern Poland; third, along the southern flank of the western Carpathians toward the Middle Danube and the Elbe; and fourth, eastward in Ukraine. These movements, perhaps emanating from two separate centers, one in Ukraine and the other along the Danube, or possibly all from Ukraine, are too little understood to resolve fully the question of the original Slavic homeland.”

http://www.fofweb.com/History/HistRe...overnmentData=

evo kako su izgledale ove kuce:

http://forum.krstarica.com/attachment.php?attachmentid=263338&d=1354835595

da pocnem sa irskom. dablin i woterford, slovenske kuce (ili kako ih ovde zovu nemacke)

Type IV buildings were of a completely different construction, and they and the Type III houses represent the period of highest building density during the Viking period in Dublin. They are rectangular in shape and are built with a sunken floor dug into the clay, somewhat like the Grubenhaus buildings of Germany or the belowground storage buildings or defensive enclosures of early Ireland, but they resemble most closely a building technique more common in England than in Ireland. They seem to be of a comparatively early technique, and will be discussed more extensively in the section on Waterford, where they were more common...

...The ancestral tradition of these building types seems to have been a prehistoric rural house type common to Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands. Three-aisled construction is known in Scandinavia during this period, but is by no means common. Similarly, no common Scandinavian house types are found in Dublin; this would argue for the local development of the Dublin houses. The homogeneity of building construction in Dublin would therefore indicate a „high degree of cultural integration” and point to an established, ordered Viking society who assimilated various building traditions in order to best accommodate themselves in Ireland...

...Six Type IV houses were excavated in Waterford, as opposed to only two in Dublin, and their location in Waterford may be the reason for their greater popularity there, though they were no longer built after the middle of the twelfth century. Whereas the Dublin pit-houses were dug into clay, which does not drain water so easily, all the Waterford houses were located in gravel subsoil, which would provide drainage quite easily. They were dug to a depth of 1.5 meters, and the upcast positioned around the perimeter of the pit to a buildup of about .5 meter above ground. The house would be entered through a sloping, stone-lined staircase or passage, and through a doorway set in a squared jamb. The walls were of radially split ash staves set vertically in a narrow trench along the base of the wall, and the substantial earthbound support posts would be set along the side walls and in the corners of the room, with two posts resting on plank base plates positioned toward the center of the room. This hefty frame may have supported an upper floor that would have been accessible from the street, but conclusive evidence for the upper floor does not survive. ...

...The Ribblehead site outside of Dublin shows a Viking-Age farmstead dating to approximately 850-875 CE, excavated in a limestone field outside of York. The farmstead consisted of three buildings, the largest of which, measuring 19 by 4 meters, is assumed to be the farmstead and primary residence. It is constructed of an inside layer of limestone slabs and an outside layer of placed stones, infilled with rubble to be almost 1.75 meters thick. The gable ends curve in a half-circle and have „centrally-placed paved doorways” built from 50-kilogram stones. The floor is made of sandstone paving slabs, so it is not possible to discern post holes or any hearth area, but the western wall features a row of limestones parallel to and butting the limestone paving, interpreted as a bench like those in the Type I houses, but the paving stones change direction toward this side, and that could imply some sort of partition from the rest of the house.

The second limestone building measured only 6 meters by 3.3-3.7 meters and is nearly rectangular in shape. Its doorway is double-walled, paved with sandstone and widens outward. The function of this building is unclear, but in the northeast corner, a twenty-centimeter flue is place above limestone slabs atop broken sandstone pieces, possibly indicating an oven or kiln of some sort. A third building was quite poorly built, and by iron-rich cinders and working stones found inside, it was quite likely a workshop.

Each of the buildings „clearly” had ridged roofs of thatch or turf extending to a point close to the outer edge of the wall, as the roof could not have shed rain anywhere else. Debate continues as to whether these roofs were straight, hipped, or gabled, but general consensus at the site was that they would have been hipped.

While these houses seem to be of typical Irish Viking construction, without indication of the location of the support posts or any idea as to the roof structure, it is impossible to discern this building type from that of the curved Trelleborg houses or rectangular houses of southern Scandinavia. ...

...A radical change in building construction took place in the last twenty or thirty years of the tenth century, after the end of Viking rule in York but while many Scandinavians still lived in the area. Every house seems to have been leveled and all rebuilt as a Type IV house, with a pit dug into the ground and walls approximately 1.75 meters high built from oak planks or posts from the ground up. Below-ground, vertical planks would be set into a channel and resting on horizontal wooden pads similar to those in the sill-beam buildings in Ireland, and would provide support for the walls to prevent the collapse of the earthen walls inward. The walls above the 1.75-meter planks above ground are purely conjectural, but the houses may have had upper storeys like those in Waterford. This change toward the Type IV house seems to indicate a return to traditional British construction, where earlier Type I houses were more typically Viking...
http://www.reocities.com/softigerain/lecture3.html

evo ovde profesor sa aberdinskog univerziteta kaže da „...s obzirom da je skoro 50% svih islandskih vikinskih kuca slovenskog tipa, nemoguće je da su to ustvari slovenske kuce, već kuce koje su gradili germanski vikinzi pod uticajem slovena...”

„It is this latter idea — that pit houses may have been the dwellings of a distinct
cultural group — that has recently been at the forefront of the pit-house debate. Przemysław
Urbańczyk, noting similarities in the design of Icelandic pit houses and Slavonic semisunken houses with corner stone ovens, suggested that Icelandic pit houses were built by
a first generation of Slav settlers before they were culturally assimilated by the dominant
Norse population.32 He argued that Icelandic pit houses were so similar to Slavonic houses, and so different from contemporary Germanic pit houses (German Grubenhäuser,
Danish grubehuse, Norwegian and Swedish grophus), which are rarely found with corner
ovens, that they must have been built by Slavs or people who had grown up among Slavs
and were accustomed to building and living in such dwellings.
Although Icelandic pit houses do share many characteristics with Slavonic sunkenfloored houses, particularly those of the Prague-type culture of central and south-eastern
Europe, the Slavonic versions date to the 6th–8th centuries, were squarer than Icelandic
pit houses and have common features in them that are absent in Icelandic pit houses, such
as hearthside vessels set into the floor.33 Moreover, since semi-subterranean buildings with
stone-built corner ovens were also common in northern Germany and Scandinavia during the Migration and Viking periods, where they were used as workshops for craft production,34 this building type would not have required Slavic immigrants to reach Iceland.
Since Slavs and southern Scandinavians were in contact well before the Viking Age, and
these contacts intensified with trade across the Baltic during the 8th–9th centuries,
Slavonic sunken-floored buildings with corner ovens may indeed have been the forerunners of the Scandinavian ones.35 It is for this reason that the building type is often
classified as a ‘Slavonic-type sunken-floor hut’ when found on Scandinavian excavations,
although Sten Tesch has argued convincingly that this term should not be used because
their form is more similar to the buildings found in the Germanic sphere of their distribution on the continent.36 Bjarni Einarsson has also drawn attention to the Sami Iron Age
(ad 1–1700) pit houses in Finmark, some of which have a hearth in one corner.37 Whethe r
the influence for this building type came from the north or the south, by the late 9th
century when Iceland was being settled this building type was part of a repertoire of buildings being used throughout Scandinavia. While it is feasible that there were some Slavs
among the population that settled Iceland, pit houses are such a common feature on
Icelandic Viking-Age farms that if this building type were attributed to Slavic immigrants,
it would indicate the presence of a Slav on at least 50% of farms. Considering that there
has so far been a lack of Slavonic material culture in Iceland, and there are no Slavonic
place names or personal names mentioned in the literary sources, it is unlikely that more
than a few Slavs found their way to Iceland in this period...”

http://www.archeurope.com/_texts/00073.pdf

ovo moram da ponovim jer je kao važno:

trenutno se vodi akadenska debata da li su sve ove slovenske kuce koje se nalaze po vikinskim teritorijama znak da je deo vikinga bio slovenskog porekla. ovo je još uvek otvoreno pitanje. takođe to je jako važno pitanje koje ako se na njega pozitivno odgovori potpuno menja istoriju ranog srednjeg veka u zapadnoj evropi jer vikinge menja od najgermanskije (normanske) moguće grupacije u germansko slovensku grupaciju i dovodi u pitanje i samu ideju o germanizmu i nordizmu kao odvojenom od slavizma.

ja lično mislim da ove kuce jesu dokaz da je slovena bilo među vikinzima i da je čak dobar deo „germanskih, normanskih” vikinga bio germanizovanog slovenskog porekla.

„It is this latter idea — that pit houses may have been the dwellings of a distinct
cultural group — that has recently been at the forefront of the pit-house debate. Przemysław
Urbańczyk, noting similarities in the design of Icelandic pit houses and Slavonic semisunken houses with corner stone ovens, suggested that Icelandic pit houses were built by
a first generation of Slav settlers before they were culturally assimilated by the dominant
Norse population.32 He argued that Icelandic pit houses were so similar to Slavonic houses, and so different from contemporary Germanic pit houses (German Grubenhäuser,
Danish grubehuse, Norwegian and Swedish grophus), which are rarely found with corner
ovens, that they must have been built by Slavs or people who had grown up among Slavs
and were accustomed to building and living in such dwellings.”

evo još jednog „senzacionalnog” otkrica:

harold plavobradi, osnivac danske države, je osnovao državu sa vojskom sastavljenom od juzno baltickih (slovenskih) ratnika. dakle da nije bilo slovena ne bi bilo danske. u clanku se tvrdi da su u pitanju placenici. bilo bi interesantno saznati koliko je bio procenat ovih „slovenskih placenika” među haroldovom vojskom i koliko je u to isto vreme slovena živelo na teritoriji danasnje danske. sudeci po slovenskim toponimima koji su preziveli u klasterima čak na severu jutlanda, verovatno je u to vreme danska bila bar delimicno (50%) slovenska. da nije bilo tako ne bi harold vodio slovensku vojsku da osniva dansku. inače ovaj harold je bio jedno vreme i kralj norveske i kralj danske. bas u vreme kad su „norveski i danski” vikinzi vrsili prve velike invazije na irsku i englesku.

ovo je inače senzacionalno jer dogma kaže da među vikinzima nije bilo slovena i da je na jugu jutlanda postojala granica koja se zove danevirke koja je od osmog veka razdvajala neprijatelje dance i slovene. sto je naravno samo propaganda. u to vreme nije bilo podele na slovene geramane i normane. sloveni su živeli svuda na baltiku i ratovali su i saradjivali s kim su i kad hteli.

pitanje:

ako je u to vreme kraljevska vojska bila sastavljena od slovena, koliko je verovatno da vikinske flote koje su plovile na zapad nisu imale među sobom ni jednog slovenskog ratnika?

arald „Bluetooth” Gormsson (Old Norse: Haraldr blátǫnn Gormsson, Danish: Harald Blåtand Gormsen) (probably born c. 935) was the son of King Gorm the Old and of Thyra Dannebod. He died in 985 or 986 having ruled as King of Denmark from c. 958 and King of Norway for a few years probably around 970. Some sources state that his son Sweyn forcibly deposed him as King.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Bluetooth

As part of an international team of researchers, archaeologists at Aarhus University can reveal that a large part of Harold Bluetooth’s Viking army consisted of foreigners – possibly from Poland.
http://www.au.dk/en/about/news/singl...h-mercenaries/

According to written sources, work on the Danevirke was started by the Danish King Gudfred in 808. Fearing an invasion by the Franks, who had conquered heathen Frisia over the previous 100 years and Old Saxony in 772 to 804, Godfred began work on an enormous structure to defend his realm, separating the Jutland peninsula from the northern extent of the Frankish empire.
Carbon-14 dating however, dates the initial construction to be in the second half of the 7th century, and Chronological dating suggest that construction began not very long after 737 (a few decades before the reign of Gudfred).[1]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danevirke

kaže pisani dokumenti kažu da je ova fortifikacija podignuta da bi se danska zastitila od franaka. u to vreme je savez franaka i bodrica ratovao protiv saveza danaca i milica. dakle klasicno naše bratoubilacko ubijanje za tudj racun. i šta mislite, koja je sansa da danevirke nije zajedno branjen od strane slovena i danaca? i da iza ove fortifikacije na severu jutlanda i na ostrvima nije bilo slovena? ja mislim jako mala.

u vezi harolda plavobradog ima još nešto interesantno. ja sam na temi o slovenskim gradovima već pisao da su ovi gradovi na baltiku gradjeni samo od strane luzicke kulture a u ranom srednjem veku su ih gradili samo sloveni.

u vreme luzicke kulture pravili su ring forts gradovi na isti način (tehnoloski) na koji su se ti gradovi pravili u slovenskim baltickim zemljama u ranom srednjem veku.

evo ovde primer luzickog grada i objašnjenje kako je pravljen sa jednog od mojih omiljenih sajtova „strukturna arheologija”. grad se zove biskupin:

http://structuralarchaeology.blogspo...d-of-woos.html
ovi gradovi nisu samo bili specificni po imenu već i po konstrukciji. oni su bili kruznog oblika i danas se na engleskom zovu ringforts.

evo jednog tipicnog slovenskog kruznog grada (ring fort) kojeg su nemci obnovili. zove se radush i pravljen je u 8. veku:

http://www.slawenburg-raddusch.de/english/slavic-fort/

evo ovde sajt posvecen ovim slovenskim tvrdjavama (gradovima):

http://slawenburgen.npage.de/

evo šta vikipedija kaže o ovim tvrdjavama i gde se one nalaze na baltiku (pravilni krugovi):

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_rampart

Aggersborg, near Aggersund, Denmark
Circular rampart of Burg, near Celle, Lower Saxony, Germany
The Donnersberg, near Rockenhausen, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
Fyrkat, Denmark
The Heidenmauer near Bad Dürkheim, Germany
Celtic circular wall of Otzenhausen, Saarland, Germany
Saxon rampart on the Marienberg near Nordstemmen, Germany
Viking ring fortress of Trelleborg, Sweden
Varbola Stronghold largest circular rampart fortress built in Estonia (10th – 12th century)
a evo šta se kaže vikipedia o vikinskim kruznim tvrdjavama:

Trelleborg is a collective name for six Viking Age circular forts, located in Denmark and the southern part of modern Sweden. Five of them have been dated to the reign of the Harold Bluetooth of Denmark (died 986). The fort in Borgeby[1] has been dated to the vicinity of 1000 AD, so it is possible that it too, was built by the same king.
dakle ima ih ukupno 6 (SEST) u danskoj i juznoj svedskoj (koja je nekad bila deo danske). pet ih datira iz vremena harolda plavobradog a sesti je iz vremena oko 1000. godine.

dakle: ovi kruzni gradovi se prave samo na slovenskim teritorijama. u danskoj ih ima samo sest i svi su pravljeni u vreme harolda plavobradog, čija je vojska, pa verovatno i inzinjerija bila slovenska. i cudo nad cudima oni kao svoje baze naprave kruzne slovenske gradove...

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_ring_castles

evo ovde linka do teme o slovenskim gradovima za one koji je nisu videli:

http://forum.krstarica.com/showthrea...ovenske-zemlje

evo ovde knjiga iz 1981

Landsbyreguleringer og grubehuse, aktuelle problemer i dansk vikingetidsforskning (The regulations of villages and the pithouses, on current problems in Danish Viking Age research)

Nielsen, Leif Chr. Meta 1981/1, pp 2-12. Dan.

A survey of recent research in Vik settlement structure, which in E Denmark and Skåne obviously differs from that in Jylland (Vorbasse, Omgård). Its possible relations to the Slavic area are pointed out. The causes of the éø/-regulation in Late Vik are discussed in a social perspective. (Cf NAA 1981/382). (UN)
kaže postoji razlika u u nacinu gradnje kuca i naselja u razlicitim oblastima danske i da postoji verovatan uticaj slovena...odnosno postoje slovenska naselja u danskoj.

ovo je jako interesantno u vezi islanda:

60% originalne zenske populacije je iz irske.
31% do sad testiranih muskih islandjana i norvezana ima R1a haplogrupu, sto bi se lepo poklopilo sa procentom slovena među norvezanima i islandjanima.
interesantno je da među islandjanima i greenladjanima nema I2a.

irci sloveni i nordijski germani su se mesali vise i duže nego sto vecina ljudi misli.

za ovu kulturnu vezu između iraca i nordijaca se zna u irskoj i čak se čitava mesana kultura naziva hyberno-norse (irsko-nordijska). ja mislim da bi trebalo promeniti ovo u hyberno-norse-slavic (irsko-nordijsko-slovenska) kultura...

...group of Norsemen who had settled in Scotland and Ireland and intermarried with Gaelic-speaking people„.[13] Recent evidence suggests that approximately 60% of the Icelandic maternal gene pool is derived from Ireland and Scotland, much higher than other Scandinavian countries, although comparable to the Faroese one...[14]
...Another study shows that quite a big group of Scandinavian males, in particular Norwegians and Icelanders (up to 31% of samples), carry Haplogroup R1a1a (Y-DNA)...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelanders”

izgleda da su sloveni imali uticaj i na naoruzanje srednjovekovnih irskih pesaka.

irski dugi noz (scian) izgleda potice od slovenskog saex dugog noza koji su koristili slovenski vikinzi.

evo ovde sa jednog irskog foruma o oruzju irski scian:

Eric drew his inspiration for this knife from his research on Irish fighting knives in the National Museum of Ireland and from his research on the Viking scramasax.
covek je napravio kopiju bazirajuci je na primerke iz irskog narodnog muzeja i na vikinske duge nozeve.

http://forum.krstarica.com/attachment.php?attachmentid=263779&d=1355177180&thumb=1

http://www.myarmoury.co m/talk/viewtopic.php?t=1891

evo sa engleskog sajta o oruzju, slovenski saex:

The slavic sheaths does not look like the gotlandic ones at all! My main interest is scandinavian 8-10th century and I have studied over 35 seaxes with sheaths from Gotland In person and none look like this.
slovenske korivce za dugi noz ne izgledaju kao gotlandske.

moj komentar: izgledaju kao irske. pogledajte oblik noza. pogledajte dizajn na koricama. irski troplet ili ti slovenski troplet

http://forum.krstarica.com/attachment.php?attachmentid=263780&d=1355177573&thumb=1

http://forum.krstarica. com/attachment.php?attachmentid=263781&d=1355177585&thumb=1

http://www.britishblades.com/forums/...ght=slavic+sax

ev o ovde primer vikingskog saexa cisto da vidite razliku u dizajnu

http://forum.krstarica.com/attachment.php?attachmentid=263793&d=1355220025&thumb=1

slawische Schläfenringe, temple rings, hramovni prstenovi

http://forum.krstarica.com/attachment.php?attachmentid=263995&d=1355420621

evo ovde jednog interesantnog slovenskog sela iz okoline berlina. selo se zove Düppel i u ranom 13. veku je već bilo mesano slovensko germansko selo. ono sto je interesantno u vezi ovog sela je da su u njemu nadjene slovenski „hramovni prstenovi” koji se u nemackoj smatraju sigurnim znakom da je na toj teritoriji u ranom srednjem veku živela slovenska populacija.

http://www.dueppel.de/index.php?id=38

Bemerkenswert sind auch drei slawische Schläfenringe, die als ethnognomonisches Merkmal für einen slawischen Bevölkerungsanteil gewertet werden.
jako je značajno sto smo nasli 3 slovenska hramovna prstena jer to potvrdjuje da su sloveni živeli ovde...

http://forum.krstarica.com/attachment.php?attachmentid=263992&d=1355420226

evo šta nemci kažu o ovim hramovnim prstenovima.

http://www.landschaftsmuseum.de/Seit...on/SR-slaw.htm

Heute weiß man, dass derartige Kopfschmuckringe im frühen Mittelalter weit verbreitet waren, sowohl im alemannischen, fränkischen als auch im slawischen Raum.
kaže ovi prstenovi su ranije smatrani iskljuvcivo slovenskim ali sada smo ih nasli u velikom broju i u frankoniji i u alemaniji. prevod: i tamo je u ranom srednjem veku živelo puno slovena. postoje osnovane tvrdnje da su sloveni zajedno sa germanima ucestvovali podjednako u stvaranju franaka.

evo ovde slovensko groblje u Teutschenthalu. hramovni prstenovi nadjeni u grobovima.

http://www.lda-lsa.de/de/landesmuseu...ats/2009/juni/

...svakom i prosecnom arhäologu u Nemackoj je odmah iz prvog pogleda na grobni sadrzaj ili prilog zna da je s(o)rbski ako ima nakit koji se zove „schläfenringe” (poznato kao „slawische schläfenringe”),slično otvorenoj narukvici koja se nosila oko vrata...

ako je ovo tačno, onda su sorbski (vendski) vikinzi ostavili još tragova za sobom po britanskim ostrvima

http://art.thewalters.org/detail/2826/neck-ring/

This Viking neck ring is made from three twisted silver wires and is fastened by an unusual conical knob and loop clasp. It was both jewelry and money to its owner. Large neck rings and smaller arms rings were buried in Viking hoards in Ireland, Scandinavia, and England, all important hubs of Viking sea trade. This neck ring was found buried with a plain arm ring (present location unknown), in Fenit, County Kerry, Ireland in 1880.
evo još jedan.

http://www.time-lines.co.uk/baltic-v...0-30492-0.html

obratite paznju na ovo:

Baltic Viking 'Plaited' Neck-Ring
Copper-alloy, 220 grams, 16.35 cm. Circa 10th century AD. A skilfully made neck-ring formed from four sturdy zinc-rich copper-alloy rods, each thicker at the centre (about 6mm) than the ends (about 3mm) to give an expanding profile to the finished article. The rods were first wound in pairs, then formed into the final complex plait, with the ends carefully fused to form the hook-and-eye closure. Each end has a collar of much finer wire (about 1mm) bound around the lower 1.5cm from which the hook and eye elements emerge. The form of the arm-ring is distinctively Scandinavian, and the find-spot is in the Kingdom of York where there was extensive contact with both Scandinavia and the Viking-dominated port and markets of the Isle of Man and Dublin. Similar rings were among the treasures of the Cuerdale hoard from Lancashire which was deposited in the opening years of the tenth century (from the coins, a date circa AD 905 is considered likely, although dates drawn from purely numismatic evidence can be revised from time to time). The form of the ring is of a standard ‘East Baltic’ type. Reference: Hårdh, B. Silver in the Viking Age. A Regional Economic Study, Stockholm, 1996, p.191ff. Published: Hammond, Brett. British Artefacts, volume 2 - Middle Saxon & Viking, Witham, 2010. Extremely fine condition. Provenance: from an old English collection.
ovaj vratni prsten pripada takozvanom istocno balitickom tipu. a zna se ko je živeo na istocnom baltiku.

interesantan tekst o padu vikinskog limerika u ruke iraca. opet vratna grivna i interesantan deo o vikinskim sedlima koja su bila neverovatno lepa. limerik je pao 967 godine. vikinzi koji su živeli to su koristili konjicu i imali su jako dobru konjicku opremu na kojoj su im irci zavideli. to je jako interesantno s obzirom da vikinzi nisu koristili konjicu do kasnog 11. veka. znamo da su nasi srbi vikinzi koristili konjicu u napadima na norvesku i dansku mnogo pre toga.

http://www.limerickcity.ie/media/Media,4150,en.pdf

THE LATEST FASHION
Vikings usually fought on foot.Fashions changed in the late11th century, at the end of the Viking Age, when cavalry began to be usedin battle. This mounted warrior comesfrom a tapestry woven in Baldishol,Norway, in around 1200. He is wearing a helmet and chain-mail tunic,and carrying a kite-shaped shield. Against an opponent on foot, theselonger shields gave better protectionto the cavalryman’s lower body
dakle nalazenjem ovih prstenova u britaniji samo je potvrdjeno prisustvo slovena među vikinzima.

evo ovde slovenskih hramovnih prstenova u skandinaviji iz desetog i jedanaestog veka. kaže: znamo da su sloveni živeli u skandinaviji u ovo vreme samo ne znamo u kolikom broju. znaci u vreme najvece vikinske ekspanzije na zapad, sloveni su u velikom broju živeli u skandinaviji pomesani sa germanima, pa je malo verovatno da nisu bili deo vikinskih flota i vojski.

On Bornholm, an interesting 11th century cemetery near Grødby
was excavated during the 1990s. It has been interpreted as a
Christian graveyard due to the presence of children’s graves and
the separation of male and female graves (Wagnkilde 1999 and
2001). However, neither church nor chapel were found, and it is
rather peculiar that many of the graves were more elaborately
furnished with goods than the 10th century pagan graves (among
other things Baltic Ware, wet stones, knives, coins and typical
Slavic jewellery such as ‘Schläfenringe’ and ‘Gürtelhaken’). Christian
or not, this might be a population of Slavic people.
This could also apply to the 11th century settlement site of Mölleholmen
near Ystad in Skåne, located on a tiny islet in a lake,
which revealed Baltic Ware (Kelm & Larsson 1995; Kelm 2000).
The site’s topographical situation is very much akin to the location
of many Slavic settlements in Mecklenburg; for instance
Dümmer near Schwerin (Wietrzichowski 1991).
Thus, there is evidence of Slavic presence north of the Baltic
Sea during the 11th century, but how substantial this presence
was is unclear.
https://www.google.ie/url?sa=t&rct=j...CQxUYWzp6FFAUA

evo ovde par linkova o slovenskim hramnim prstenovima

http://www.balto-slavica.com/forum/l...php/t6169.html
http://www.novgorod.ru/read/informat...nevek_tochk a_6
http://members.ozemail.com.au/~chris...n/tr1main.html
ovo je jako interesantno. „irski bros” nađenu slovenskim grobovima u rusiji među hramovnim prstenovima...

http://forum.krstarica.com/attachment.php?attachmentid=263996&d=1355420693

još iz knjige „Across the western Baltic”

www.roskildem" >https://www.google.ie/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CDUQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roskildem useum.dk%2FAdmin%2FPublic%2FDWSDownload.aspx%3FFile%3D%252FFiles%252FFiler%252FVORES%2BVIDEN%252FDet%2Bdigitale%2Bmuseum %252FArtikler%252FJU_Western_Baltic.pdf&ei=Fg3KUMG_K4bOhAe7hoH4Dw&usg=AFQjCNH591ea8R2iP20R9MJiqNuXxiojRQ&sig2=oW1bsDpECQ xUYWzp6FFAUA

Additionally, an extraordinary collection of artefacts, both in quantity and quality has been retrieved from most of these sites
during excavation - in particular through intensive metal detecting, stressing the fact that the settlements held an extraordinary
function in society. Lejre (T. Christensen 1993), Tissø (Jørgensen 1998), Strøby-Toftegård on Sjælland (Tornbjerg 1998) and Järrestad
in Skåne (Söderberg 2002) were established in the late 6th or during the 7th century. Uppåkra in Skåne appears to be
slightly different. Its thick occupation layer is unusual, containing houses and finds from the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age to the end
of the Viking Age (Larsson 2002). In this respect Uppåkra has a close parallel in Gudme. Nevertheless, the artefacts emphasise
that Uppåkra climaxed during the Vendel Period and the Viking Age, just like its sister sites on Sjælland.
New features in the Vendel Period were specialised landing places emerging along the seashores of sheltered, inner-Danish waters,
as well as appearing on the more exposed shoreline on the south coast of Skåne (Callmer 1994; Ulriksen 1998). While the
vast majority of agrarian settlements are situated at least 1-2 km from the coast, the landing places were established very close to
the shoreline on well-drained areas, such as beach ridges or areas of sand or gravel. They are generally characterised by the absence
of farm units, and if there were buildings, then pit-houses dominated, sometimes supplemented by minor three-aisled buildings.
There were also workshops, where iron working, bronze casting, production of textiles and comb making were common.
As a comparison, rural settlements contain refuse from a limited range of handicrafts clearly dominated by textile production, followed
by iron working (Ulriksen 2002).
dakle u oblasti Skåne koja je danas u juznoj svedskoj, imamo naselja koja pokazuju kulturni kontinuitet od ranog pre rimskog gvozdenog doba preko vendel kulture do vikinske kulture. postoji razlika između naselja u unutrasnjosti i na obali. na obalu su kuce bile naše zemunice. takođe nadjeno je mnogo radionica. ko su ono bili glavni trgovci u danskoj u vreme vrhunca vikinske kulture?

takođe u ovoj oblasti su nadjeni mnoge razlicite vrste grobova sto potvrdjuje da je populacija bila mesana:

Cemeteries are well known in Skåne, Halland, Blekinge and
Bornholm (Isendahl 1997; Jørgensen 1990; Jørgensen & Nørgård
Jørgensen 1997; Nagmér 1982; Strömberg 1968), while only few
have survived the intense ploughing in other parts of Denmark
(Jönsson 1992; Madsen 1994; Ramskou 1976). The variation of
burial rituals is both interesting and puzzling. Cremation and inhumation
were practised, and the dead could be buried beneath
a mound or within a stone setting formed as a circle, an oval, a
triangle, a square or ship shaped. Secondary use of Bronze Age
mounds is also known (Ørsnes 1966).
već sam rekao da postoje dokazi da su u oblasti Skåne živeli sloveni u vreme vikinga. zašto je ovo važno? zbog cuvenog vikinskog Jomsborga u kome su bili vikinzi iz slovenskih zemalja i vikinzi iz oblasti Skåne, za koje se uvek kaže da su germani. šta ako su i oni bili delom ili većinom sloveni?

SIGVALDI. Snorre names „Sigvalde?earl over Jomsborg in Vindland?a son of King Strutherald who had ruled over Skane”, recording that he captured Svend King of Denmark, took him to Jomsborg and threatened to deliver him into the hands of the Wends unless he made peace[13]. He led a fleet of Jomsborg Vikings who invaded Norway and fought Haakon Jarl of Norway at Hjorungavag but was defeated[14]. m ASTRID of the Wends, daughter of BURISLAW King of the Wends & his wife ---. Snorre names „Astrid, a daughter of King Burizleif” as the wife of Sigvalde
in the KING OLAF TRYGVASON'S SAGA„ it says:

”King Svein made a magnificent feast, to which he invited all the chiefs in his dominions; for he would give the succession-feast,or the heirship-ale, after his father Harald...(..)...The Jomsborg vikings came to the festival with their bravest men, forty ships of them from Vindland, and twenty ships from Skane.„ So, from the 60 ships on which the Jomsvikings came to visit Sven (father of Canute the Great) who just become the king of Denmark - 40 were slavic.
ko je osnovao jomsburg?

According to the Knytlingasaga and Fagrskinna, Jomsborg was built by the Danish king Harold Bluetooth (910-985/86) in the 960s
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jomsborg

to je isti onaj Harold Bluetooth, ujedinitelj danske, za koga se nedavno ”senzacionalno„ ispostavilo da je imao slovensku vojsku, i koji je gradio slovenske tvrdjave po tadasnjim ”danskim„ zemljama.”

evo još slovenskih kuca ovog puta na setlandskim ostrvima. dati su podaci i za zemunice sa kamenim ognjistima u norveskoj.

knjiga: The Biggings, Papa Stour, Shetland: the history and excavation of a royal Norwegian farm

island

http://forum.krstarica.com/attachment.php?attachmentid=264076&d=1355505639

norveska

http://forum .krstarica.com/attachment.php?attachmentid=264077&d=1355505640

slika jednog od ugaonih ognjista sa setlanda

http://books.google.ie/books?id=JvNr3lmmmHgC&pg=PA220&lpg=PA211&ots=z77Vtk_r-Q&dq=pit+houses+with+corner+ov... n+norway

interesantno

gomila slovenskih hramovskih prstenova nađenihu vikinskim nalazima u rusiji mesana sa skandinavskim nakitom.

http://www.archeurope.com/_texts/00006a.pdf

evo i ovde lista vikinskog nakita. isti vratni prstenovi i takođe slovenske mindjuse. kaže se da skandinavske žene nisu nosile mindjuse,

http://www.castlemere.org/images/AnS...ikingbling.pdf

interesantno

Permian spiral-ring sa istocnog baltika. nadjene su po celoj skandinaviji i u britaniji. poticu iz rusije.

http://www.time-lines.co.uk/sold-vik...s-24477-0.html

ovo je jako iteresantno. kasni „anglo saxon” ili „anglo-skandinavian” zavrsetak kaisa. pogledajte dizajn.

http://www.ebay.ie/itm/ANGLO-SAXON-V...#ht_1811wt_973

ANGLO- SAXON OR ANGLO- SCANDINAVIAN VIKING
'KNOTWORK PELLET-AND-CROSS'
TONGUE-SHAPED STRAP END
Silver-gilt, 10.41 grams, 33.52 mm. 10th-11th century AD. A thick, cast strap end with decorative elements in high relief. The design comprises a cross with central boss, between the arms of which are four similar bosses within semicircles. A raised bar runs across the top beyond which is the thinner bar pierced for attachment. Similar D-shaped strap ends are a Late Saxon development influenced by contemporary Scandinavian fashions; the heavy moulding and geometric design are based on Winchester Style manuscript decoration and its derivatives in the plastic arts. Gilding remains on some of the surface. Reference: Thomas, G. Late Anglo-Saxon and Viking-Age Strap-Ends 750-1100 FRG Datasheet no.32, 2004, no.23-4. Very fine condition. Provenance: from an old continental collection.

http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Heimsk...7s_Saga/Part_I

In viking saga's we can learn about first rulers of Poland. There is controversy if the Burizleif king of the Vindland (or Vendland) was polish ruler Mieszko I or his son first polish king Boleslav the Brave. Some suggest that Scandinavians were calling both Boleslav the Brave and his father Mieszko with the same name and title Burizleif king of the Vindland. I have studied the KING OLAF TRYGVASON'S SAGA„ and thats what i found:

”King Svein made a magnificent feast, to which he invited all the chiefs in his dominions; for he would give the succession-feast,or the heirship-ale, after his father Harald...(..)...The Jomsborg vikings came to the festival with their bravest men, forty ships of them from Vindland, and twenty ships from Skane.„

So, from the 60 ships on which the Jomsvikings came to visit Sven (father of Canute the Great) who just become the king of Denmark - 40 were slavic. On that feast someone decided to use the Jomsvikings to his plans. They drunk to much beer and were droven into the intrigue which ended bad for them: ”Thereafter for the chiefs of the Jomsborg vikings was filled and drunk the largest horn to be found, and of the strongest drink..(...)..Thereafter Earl Sigvalde emptied a remembrance bowl to his father's honour,and made the solemn vow, that before three winters came to an end he would go to Norway, and either kill Earl Hakon, or chase him out of the country.Thereupon Thorkel the Tall, his brother,made a solemn vow to follow his brother Sigvalde to Norway, and not flinch from the battle so
long as Sigvalde would fight there. Then Bue the Thick vowed to follow them to Norway, and not flinch so long as the other Jomsborg vikings fought. At last Vagn Akason vowed that he would go with them to Norway, and not return until he had slain Thorkel Leira, and gone to bed to his daughter Ingebjorg without her friends' consent...(...)...when the Jomsborg vikings had slept off their drink, they thought they had spoken more than enough.„ So, the Jomsviking sailed toward Norway in the force of the 60 ships, but the Norwegians were not surprised and met them on the sea with the 150 ships. The earls Hakon and Eirik lay in Halkelsvik, where all their forces were assembled. They had 150 ships,and they had heard that the Jomsborg vikings had come in from sea, and lay at the island Hod; and they, in consequence, rowed out to seek them. When they reached a place called Hjorungavag they met each other,and both sides drew up their ships in line for an attack.” During the battle one of the jomsviking's Jarl's found a chance to escape and left the battle which was lost. All together 35 ships escaped while 25 were still fighting. Most of the crews fought to death and the Norwegians captured only 30 wounded but still alive Jomsvikings. The norwegians begined execution: „Vagn and thirty men were taken prisoners, and bound, and brought to land. Then came up Thorkel Leira, and said, ”Thou madest
a solemn vow, Vagn, to kill me, but now it seems more likely that I will kill thee.„ Vagn and his men sat all upon a log of wood together. Thorkel had an axe in his hands, with which he cut at him who sat outmost on the log. Vagn and the other prisoners were bound so that a rope was fastened on their feet, but they had their hands free. One of them said, ”I will stick this cloak-pin that I have in my hand into the earth, if it be so that I know anything, after my head is cut off.„ His head was cut off, but the cloak-pin fell from his hand. There sat also a very handsome man with long hair, who twisted his hair
over his head, put out his neck, and said, ”Don't make my hair bloody.„ A man took the hair in his hands and held it fast. Thorkel hewed with his axe; but the viking twitched his head so strongly that he who was holding his hair fell forwards, and the axe cut off both his hands, and stuck fast in the earth.” After doing it the young handsome viking said famous: „Eigi Eru Enn Allir Jomsvikingar daudhir” („Not Yet Are All the Jomsvikings Dead”). Anyway, The Norwegians were impressed so much that rewarded him and the remaining 11 of the Jomsvikings who were not executed yet with life and let them go back to Jomsborg.

Farther the Saga says about king Sven Forkbeard and his connections with Polish prince: „The Danish king, Svein Tjuguskeg, was married to Gunhild, a daughter of Burizleif, king of the Vinds..(..)...Burizleif, the king of the Vinds, complained to his relation Earl Sigvalde, that the agreement was broken which Sigvalde had made between King Svein and King Burizleif, by which Burizleif was to get in marriage Thyre, Harald's daughter, a sister of King Svein: but that marriage had not proceeded, for Thyre had given positive no to the proposal to marry her to an old and heathen king.
”Now,„ said King Burizleif to Earl Sigvalde, ”I must have the promise fulfilled.„ And he told Earl Sigvalde to go to Denmark, and bring him Thyre as his queen. Earl Sigvalde loses no time, but goes to King Svein of Denmark, explains to him the case; and brings it so far by his persuasion, that the king delivered his sister Thyre into his hands. With her went some female attendants, and her foster-father, by name Ozur Agason, a man of great power, and some other people. In the agreement between the king and the earl, it was settled that Thyre should have in property the possessions which Queen Gunhild had enjoyed in Vindland, besides other great properties as bride-gifts. Thyre wept sorely, and went very unwillingly. When the earl came to Vindland, Burizleif held his wedding with Queen Thyre, and received her in marriage; bus as long as she was among heathens she would neither eat nor drink with them, and this lasted for seven days...(...)...It happened one night that Queen Thyre and Ozur ran away in the dark, and into the woods, and, to be short in our story, came at last to Denmark. But here Thyre did not dare to remain, knowing that if her brother King Svein heard of her, he would send her back directly to Vindland. She went on, therefore, secretly to Norway, and never stayed her journey until she fell in with King Olaf, by whom she was kindly received.”
There in Norway she married Olaf King of Norway. When king Olaf of norway became the husband of the Danish princess who was before married to the ruler of the Poles (prolly Mieszko I) he sailed to Poland to talk with polish ruler about the property of his wife which polish prince recived together with her. Saga also says that he had many friends there: (After his sister Ingebjorg's wedding, the king made ready in all haste to leave the country with his army, which was both greatand made up of fine men.) When he left the land and sailed southwards he had sixty ships of war, with which he sailed past Denmark, and in through the Sound, and on to Vindland. Heappointed a meeting with King Burizleif; and when the kings met, they spoke about the property which King Olaf demanded, and the conference went off peaceably, as a good account was given of the properties which King Olaf thought himself entitled to there. He passed here much of the summer, and found many of his old friends.„
When king Olaf was in Poland on the court of Polish ruler, he gets informations that king of Denmark Sven Forkbeard is gatheiring army against him and wants to attack him on his way back to Norway. They decide that Jomsborg vikings will give Olaf 11 ships which will join the norwegian fleet to protect the king. Decision is made by the Earl Sigvalde who seems to be an often guest if not an all time resident on the court of Polish ruler and Jarl of Jomsborg in the same time. Altough it looks like it was a trick and its real intention was to drive king Olaf into Denish trap: ”There came first a flying report to Vindland that the Danish king, Svein, had fitted out an army; and it was soon whispered that he intended to attack King Olaf. But Earl Sigvalde says to King Olaf, „It never can be King Svein's intention to venture with the Danish force alone, to give battle to thee with such a powerful army; but if thou hast any suspicion that evil is onfoot, I will follow thee with my force (at that time it was considered a great matter to have Jomsborg vikings with an army), and I will give thee eleven well-manned ships.” The king accepted this offer; and as the light breeze of wind that came was favourable, he ordered the ships to get under weigh, and the war-horns to sound the departure. The sails were hoisted and all the small vessels, sailing fastest, got out to sea before the others. The earl, who sailed nearest to the
king's ship, calledto those on board to tell the king to sail in his keel-track:„For I know where the water is deepest between the islands and in the sounds, and these large ships require the deepest.” Then the earl sailed first with his eleven ships, and the king followed with his large ships, also eleven in number; but the whole of the rest of the fleet sailed out to sea. Now when Earl Sigvalde came sailing close under the island Svold, a skiff rowed out to inform the earl that the Danish king's army was lying in the harbour before them. Then the earl ordered the sails of his vessels to be struck, and they rowed in under the island. „
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_I_of_Norway

”

harald klak kralj jutlanda.

obodriti i saxonci, po komandi karla velikog i kasnije karlovog sina luja ratuju protiv haraldovih danskih protivnika od 815 do 823 i pomazu haraldu da dodje na vlast. harald kasnije postaje kralj jutlanda i obavezuje se da će stititi franacke teritorije od napada „vikinga”, odnosno da će sa svojim brodovima uspostaviti franacku mornaricu. kao poklon, dobio je od franaka teritorije zapadno od oldenburga.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Klak

harald je bio otac Thyre

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyra

thyra je majka haralda plavozubog (Harald Bluetooth)

harald se ženi obodritskom princezom koja se zvala Tova, Tofa ili Thora. ona je podigla runski kamen, Sønder Vissing Runestone, posvecen svojoj majci. da li neko hoće da proba da prevede?

tufa ' lRt ' kaurua ' kubl mistiuis ' tutiR ' uft ' muþur sina ' kuna harats ' hins ' kuþa ' kurms sunaR

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tove_of_the_Obotrites

tufa je bila cerka obodritskog vladara Mstivoja

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstivoj

vojnici harolda plavozubog, sa kojima je osvojio dansku dolaze iz slovenskih zemalja juznog baltika. haroldovi naslednici takođe uzimaju vojsku sa juga i žene se slovenskim princezama...

izgleda da ova danska dinastija ima mnogo vise veze sa slovenima nego sto sam čak i ja ranije mislio...

Polabian Slavs appeared to be the westernmost Slavic tribes who went to Europe from Common Slavic motherland in European Russia. Polabians settled on lands along the river Elbe (Laba in Slavic) in the end of the 1st millennium AD, having Germans as their neighbours. They could not manage to create their own state and had only tribal alliances, who fought together against Germanic aggression. That struggle went on more or less successfully until the 12th century, when the German Empire at last conquered Polabian lands and settled in their towns. Nowadays not many people know that such German cities as Bremen and Brandenburg were founded by Polabian Slavs and were called Bremin and Branibor in the 11th century.
The only branch of Polabians who managed to repel the Germans were Lusatians or Sorbs, existing even now and speaking two Sorbian languages related to Polabian. Other Polabian tribes were assimilated, and their language is now completely extinct. The only sources for it are some little phrases recorded in the 17th and 18th centuries, and also placenames and some borrowings in German dialects which represent Slavic substratum.

Polabian was obviously similar to the older stages of Polish and Sorbian languages. But phonetics also shows some similarity to Baltic and Germanic languages, which makes us suppose that Polabian was quite archaic. E.g., Common Slavic *-ra- turned into -ra- / -ro- in all modern Slavic tongues, but in Baltic and Polabian it is -ar-. From the other side, Polabian has gone far in its morphological development, losing some noun and verbal endings, like the 3rd person singular verb -t. The infinitive was ending in -t which was not changing into -c' or -s' like in Polish, Sorbian and Czech.

Germanic influence was expressed not only in vocabulary, which contained about a half of German words, but also in phonetics, for some new vowels emerged in the language, similar to Germanic ü and ä.
polabski sloveni su osnovali bremen i brandeburg koji su se nekad zvali bremen i branibor. ovde je bila granica sa francima koja je bila veoma fluidna. jako interesantan je jezik za koji se kaže da je arhaican i ima mnogo mesanih karakteristika sa germanskim i baltickim jezicima. interesantno je da se ovde kaže da su polabljani dosli iz rusije sa ostalim slovenime.

najnoviji arheoloski nalazi otvaraju mogućnost da je bilo vise originalnih slovenskih kulturnih centara i da je polabska oblast jedan od originalnih slovenskih centara i da su polabljani oduvek bili bas tu. to bi znacilo da su sloveni ustvari genetska grupa (rasa, rasi, rusi...) koja je imala vise paralelnih kultura. šta to znaci po pitanju kontakata slovena i skandinavaca i slovenskog uticaja na skandinavce? to znači da je kontakt postojao verovatno i u bronzanom i gvozdenom dobu, mnogo pre „seobe naroda”, jer se polabski sloveni nisu niodakle doselili. doselili su se neki drugi sloveni, ruski. dosli u goste. to takođe otvara mogućnost da su i na balkanu pre 7 veka postojali balkanski sloveni kojima su u goste dosli balticki sloveni...

Both Balts and Slavs were known for building wooden forts or earthworks at unstable times or as means of defence against nomadic steppe tribes. 20-30 years ago it was assumed that Slavs originated from Zarubintsy-Kiev cultures (the so called Godlowski hypothesis). However, in the past 10 year new archeological evidence concerning the Przeworsk and Zarunbintsy cultures instigated a new debate. There is some evidence which might suggest origins in the Pommeranian culture. Late Przeworsk settlements survive as far as VII century AD in Grosspoles. On the same area the lechitic Sukow-Szeligi culture forms in late V early VI century, expanding into Vorpommern. The material culture of late Przeworsk and Sukow-Szeligi is very similar and many modern scholars suggest some form of continuity. Also other Slavic cultures like Feldberg and Tornow, closely resemble cultures from Poland in antiquity. There are striking differences between these cultures and the larges Slavic culture of Prague-Korchak. At the same time, Ukrainian and Russian scholars (Siedow, Tretiakow, Baran, Pobol, Oblomski, Terpilovski and many others) established in the past 20 years that Kiev culture descends directly from Zarubintsy, while Zarubintsy from the Pommeranian. This is also supported by some Lithuanian scholars (like Petrauskas and Gimbutas).

Now... it might be possible that Slavic-Scandinavian contacts reach as far as antiquity and arrival of Goths, Vandals, Gepids in Pomerania, and the Chernyakov culture.

na severu evrope su u ranom srednjem veku postojale dve razlicite slovenske kulture: Prague-Korchak koja je gradila zemunice sa drvenim okvirom i zidovima od cerpica i Sukow-Dziedzice koja je pravila brvnare na povrsini zemlje od ukrstenih slaganih trupaca.

The Slavs in the beginning of the Middle ages settled in the extended territories of Central and Eastern Europe from the Elbe in the west up to the Don in the east and from the coast of the Baltic sea in the north up to Peloponnesus in the south and were differentiated in several dialect-tribal formations.

One of those large formations was Prague-Korchak culture formed on the basis of late Przeworsk antiquities (Southern Poland, Western Ukraine and north-eastern Slovakia). Its main markers are hand-made pottery, square semi-subterranean dwellings with heating devices in a corner and cremation burial rite. From the tribes of this group only the Dulebs are known, who appeared in the 8th - 12th centuries divided and scattered in different pans of its former territory. The S-shaped hair-rings are their ethnographical feature.

Another dialect-tribal formation of the Slavs is represented by Sukow-Dziedzice culture, which have been formed also on the basis of late Przeworsk culture in Central Poland. Its characteristic elements are distinctive hand-made pottery, ground timber buildings and surface cremation burials. In the 7th century a part of Sukow-Dziedzice area was captured by the Slavs of another group - the bearers of Feldberg ceramics. On the territory of Sukow-Dziedzice culture the tribal groups of the Obodrits, the Velets, the Pomoryans and the Polyans have been formed. For all of them the S-shaped hollow hair-rings were common.
ja sam se do sad fokusirao na kuce Praskog tipa (zemunice) jer nisam znao za ovaj drugi tip slovenskih kuca. evo ovde primer:

http://forum.krstarica.com/attachment.php?attachmentid=264470&d=1355927321

zašto je ovaj drugi tip slovenskih kuca važan? zato što su ga dvesta godina posle slovena poceli da kopiraju skandinavci i ovaj tip kuce je postao poznat kao skandinavska brvnara.
kuce ovog tipa poticu iz pomeranije iz 6 i 7 veka iz kulture Sukow-Dziedzice. ti isti balticki sloveni su pravili drvena utvrdjenja, gradove, po severnoj nemackoj. odatle su se ove drvene gradjevine prvo proširile na istok prema rusiji i nalaze se u kujevskoj rusiji od osmog veka. jedno od baltickih slovenskih plemena se zvalo vagri. oni su bili poznati po tome sto su znali „normanski stroj”. da li su oni doneli ove brvnare u rusiju i da li su oni originalni varangi koji su osnovalo gardariki, zemlju gradova kako su kijevsku rusiju zvali svedjani?

..Wagrieri, to je starogermanski naziv za Obodrite...drugi su preuzeli taj naziv od Germana pa i Rusi...Waigri ili Waari ili Varjagi-Varjazi...Srejovic i Pesic su već radili na njima.To su oni koji su Rusima pomogli da pobede Wikinge „jer znadose normanski stroj”(znali su kako se bori protiv Normana) i nikad nije vise,stupila Wikinska noga na to tlo...OPREZ...postoji podmetacina da su to Germani!!!To je najzapadnije slavensko pleme na dodiru od Hamburga do iza danasnje danske teritorije...Srediste je bilo Stargard,danasnji Oldenburg.
evo ovde o pojavi i distribuciji slovenskih brvnara u skandinaviji: pojavile su se po prvi put u skandinaviji u 11. veku u mestu koje se zove sigtuna i odatle su se proširile na celu svedsku norvesku i dansku a i u vikinske teritorije. ista tehnika je ranije koriscena za fortifikacije u danevirke ali nije korisceno u pravljenju kuca. tvrdi se da su sloveni bili važan faktor u prenosu ove tradicije na svedjane i ostale skandinavce. kaže se takođe da je verovatan razlog zašto su skandinavci poceli da prave brvnare čitavih 200 godina posle kijevskih slovena sa kojima su stalno bili u kontaktu taj sto je skandinavska duga kuca imala kulturni i religijski karakter pa skandinavci nisu hteli da žive u drukcijim kucama. na kraju se kaže da je dolazak hrišćanstva izbrisao mnoge kulturne razlike između skandinavaca i slovena, pa je to olaksalo prihvatanje ovih kuca od strane skandinavaca.

ja moram da dodam ovo: ovakva kulturna transformacija je mogla da se desi samo ako su na terenu bili prisutni sloveni ili kao vojnici ili kao majstori ili kao naseljenici. takođe interesantno je da je ova tehnika gradnje koriscena u danevirke. po zvanicnoj istorijskoj dogmi, danevirke je poceo da gradi dandski kralj Gudfred u 808. godini da bi se zastitio od invazija franaka. ja sam ovde već pisao da je 815 karlo veliki poslao vojsku obodrita u jutland da dovede na vlast haralda klaka. i to se onda sve lepo slaze. pogresno. najnovija arheoloska istrazivanja su pokazala da je danevirke počet 737 godine, mnogo pre kralja Gudfreda i da je pravljen sve do 968... mnogo posle dolaska na vlast Haralda Klaka. takođe ispostavilo se da je cela fortifikacija okrenuta naopako, sto znači da je sanac na danskoj strani a zid na obodritskoj, sto znači da ko god je pravio fortifikaciju nije branio dansku od obodrita već obodrite od danaca. pa se zato sad tvrdi da danevirke uopste nije fortifikacija, već transportni kanal...i kad se sve ovo poveze da je u gradnji fortifikacija koriscena tehnika koja je u to vreme bila uobicajena na obodritskoj teritoriji ali nije postojala među dancima onda je jasno da je danevirke slovenska fortifikacija, ili u najgorem slučaju franacka fortifikacija koju su za franke pravili sloveni.

The Swedish log-house or lafting tradition started in Sigtuna in the first half of the 11th century and then spread rapidly in central and north Sweden. The technique were used in part of Danevirke and in a well construction or two during the Viking age in Scandinavia but was not part of the house building tradition until Sigtuna (and Oslo and Tromsö, starting at the same time).
From ca 700 e. Kr. houses and forts were lafted on the Baltic east-coast in today’s Poland, the Baltic’s and Russia and bit later in Ladoga and Novgorod. Wladyslaw Duczko, archaeologist in Uppsala believes that the west-Slavs are an important transmitter for the Scandinavian tradition.
rad o brvnarama

http://www.karinrosberg.se/jointtimber.pdf

podebljani deo je jako važan. ove drvene kuce u rusiji su originalno imale ognjiste u centru kuce a kasnije su pocele da dobijaju pec u cosku. kasnije su pravljene i sa jednim i sa drugim tipom grejanja. to pokazuje stapanje Sukow-Dziedzice kulture sa praskom...

najstariji primerci ovih kuca u skandinavskom svetu se javljaju u dablinu...dakle ovaj ruski uticaj se brzo proširio na irsku.

Hearths are centrally placed in the houses of western Europe, like in the traditional Scandinavian long houses. In the Russian towns, the older houses have a central hearth, but in
course of time there are more and more corner hearths, which eventually dominate. This has no connection with the choice of building technique, as has sometimes been said. In the
Scandinavian towns, there are both central and corner hearths, and they are respectively used for different purposes: the corner hearth is for work—cooking or craft—and the central hearth is
for social life and entertainment. This is particularly evident in Sigtuna.
Why did the Scandinavians adopt joint timber building so late?

As I said before, joint timber building has very good heat qualities, which is needed in the Scandinavian climate. Accordingly, one would expect the Scandinavians to be quick to
adopt a solid building technique which would also save much work with wood cutting for heating. And they did so at last, and the heat qualities were certainly an essential reason for
joint timber building dominating in Scandinavia for about 900 years. But they did not adopt it until such a long time had passed as 200 years. Why?
I suggest the reason for the delay was cultural. The Scandinavians readily adopted foreign dress fashion and consumer goods, but not so readily foreign housing. They probably
had much of their identity in the houses, especially in their dwellings. The dwelling house shows who is the owner, and for the Vikings an old family was important. So a traditional
house could be associated with an old and impressing family. In addition, the dwelling house had a religious dimension and had often sacrifices under the posts. Such things made the
housing more conservative than other cultural features. There are theories, expressed by Rapoport, about socio-cultural factors having a considerable impact on house form, and about house form having a considerable degree of constancy due to culturally linked aspects. These theories point in the same direction as my suggestion. Towards the end of the 10th century, the cultural difference between the Scandinavian and Slavic peoples decreased. They both—or at least parts of them—converted to Christianity, they made political pacts, and the royal families married into each other. All this probably made
the Scandinavians more ready to adopt the building tradition from the east.
danevirke

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danevirke

Recent investigations suggest that Danevirke was not only and not primarily built for military purposes. The archeologist Henning Hellmuth Andersen found that in an early stage the main „wall” consisted of a ditch between two low embankments. The historian argued that the Kograben (Danish: Kovirke) south of the main wall consists of an embankment accompanied by a ditch on its northern side, which would have been counterproductive for a Danish fortification.

početak prevoda porekla ango saksonske rase

neka od naselja u nekim oblastime možda poticu još iz britanskog doba pre anglo saksonske invazije. u drugim oblastima neka naselja su možda formirana od ranijih keltskih doseljenika. Postoje mnoge druge i brojnije oblasti gde postoje grupisana izdvojena i zaokruzena sela. neka od tih sela su gradjena oko puteva koje se zracno sire iz jednog centra kao u germanskim naseljima između reka elbe i wasera. U drugim slučajevima nalazimo sela u izduženom, zaobljenom, ili lepezasto obliku, gde su kuce gradjene oko centralnog trga. ovo nalikuje selima iz oblasti istočno od Elbe, i ova vrsta organicacije sela je verovatno doneta u britaniju od strane Wenda ili germanizovanih slovena. Ako je nekoliko sela tu i tamo Wemdskog porekla mi možemo opravdano tražiti tragove slavenskih uticaja u običajima, folkloru, i u imenima okruga. s obzirom da se u staro vreme u britaniji pricalo puno razlicitih jezika i dijalekata, mi možemo da ocekujemo da neka imena mesta imaju koren u starom skandinavskom norrena jeziku, neka u germanskim jezicima a neka u slovenskim jezicima. engleski (anglo saksonski) jezik je nastao mesavinom svih ovih jezika sa keltskim jezicima. gde god nađemoime mesta sa wendskim ili vandalskim korenom, moguće je da je mesto dobilo ime po staresini plemena ili po nekom od stanovnika sela. primer ovakvih imena mesta je Wendelesworth u oblasti surrey. jedino objašnjenje za ime ovog mesta je da je imonovano po imenu coveka koji se zvao Wendel ili po Wendima, vandalima.ime ovog mesta je mnogo starije nego ime potoka koje danas nosi isto ime. to da li je ime nastalo od Wendskog poglavara ili od imena plemena ne pravi razliku. ime Wendel je dato ovim ljudima zato što su pripadali Wendsoj ili vandalskoj rasi od strane ljudi iz obliznjih naselj u oblasti Surrey i Middlesex koji su bili drukcijeg porekla (moj dodatak: sto je isto radjeno u nemackoj i skandinaviji kada su slovenska naselja bila izolovana među germanima).
Wandsworth je važan ne samo zbog svog starog imena koje pokazuje da su Wendi bili među originalnim anglo saksonskim doseljenicima, već i zbog toga sto ukazuje na obicaj nasledjivanja poseda po liniji najmladjeg sina, sto je prastari obicaj praktikovan samo od slovena, pa tako ukazuje ko su ovi Wendi ili vandali ustvari bili. sloveni.

Warinzi (Warings), čije ime se često vezuje za (poistovecuje sa) Angle u ranim istorijskim spisima, su pleme locirano na jugo zapadnim obalama baltika. od njihovog prvog pomena do njihovog zadnjeg pomena nalazimo ih povezane sa Anglima, i s obzirom da su ti zapisi pravljeni u periodu od nekoliko vekova, možemo zakljuciti da je veza između Waringa i Angla bila značajna. Prokopus nam govori o Varinima koji naseljavaju obale severnog okeana kao i rajnsku oblast, tako da je izgleda potojala njihova rana migracija. Beddoe je primetio da su granice konfederacija franaka, saxonaca, frigijaca i angla, koji su nekad ukljucivali i warine, često menjane i nisu sledile jezicke granice. ovo je jako važna primedba, jer mi nalazimo u franackoj konfederaciji franke koji su pricali germanski jezik i druga plemena koja nisu pricala germanski jezik. ovo je verovatno bilo tačno i za konfederaciju angla i waringa. angli su bili tevtonci, a waringi su verovatno bili mesanog germanskog i slovenskog porekla. u jednoj od saga oni se pominju kao Waernas ili Wernas. tacitus, koji nije bio u njihovoj zemlji, navodi ih kao germane. Warigsi su bili jedna od ranih trgovackih nacija baltika i trgovali su sa vizantijom putujuci gore dole rekama slavonije u malim brodovima koje su prenosili od reke do reke (moj komentar: isto kao vikinzi sa juga baltika mnogo vekova kasnije koji su pravili siroke brodove sa plitkim gazom idealne za prevlacenje preko zemlje od reke do reke. skandinavski brodovi su bili uski sa dubokim gazom i nisu mogli da se prevlace preko kopna.) poslednji pomen Waringa je iz 1030. godine. rani rusi su ih zvali Warings, njihovu zemlju Waringija a more na koje je njihova zemlja izlazila Waringsko more. u vizantiji oni su sebe takođe zvali Waring. oni su se u kasnijim vekovima mnogo mesali sa normanima i nestali su kao posebna nacija (pleme). bas su ljudi ove rase bili ti koji su se u 11. i 12. veku bili u vojnoj sluzbi vizantijskih careva. u konstantinopolju su bili znani kao Warangijska garda, i u ovoj gardi je bilo staro engleskih vojnika, sto ukazuje na vezu između ovih rasa.

još o varjazima (koji su isto sto i Rujani koji su isto sto i obodriti)

za bilinge (Billings) se kaže da su bili kraljevska rasa (loza) Waringa i moguće je da pronadjemo ovo pleme pod tim imenom u engleskoj. zapadni deo maklenburga (veligrada) je dugo bio poznat kao „mark of the billings” iliti bilingska krajina. ime Waering se pojavljuje u skandinavskim runskim zapisima. u jednom koji je nađenu torviku u norveskoj, se kaže: Lsema (ili verovatnije Laeda) Waeringsea iliti leda waeringska, sto znači da je spomenik podignut nekom ko je bio od waringskog roda...

Waringi koji su bili tako bliski saveznici sa anglima, su bili jako zainteresovani za trgovinu između grckih vizantijskih kolonija i balitickih luka. nestor, kaludjer iz kijeva koji je pisao u 11. veku, pominje novgorod kao grad varanga i po tome se može zakljuciti da je u to vreme postojala velika varangijska kolonija u rusiji. takođe se kaže da je u ranom srednjem veku bilo puno gotlandera u rusiji sto je potvrdjeno mnogobrojnim arheoloskim nalazima na gotlandu koji govore o trgovini sa rusijom. još jedan interesantan podatak koji se tiče Waranga je njihova veza sa ostrvom riigen (rugen, rujan) koji se u vreme biskupa ottoa (11. vek) pominje kao Verania a narod koji živi na ovom ostrvu se naziva Verani i o njima se kaže da su zadrti pagani (sto je kasnije potvrdjeno time da su bili poslednje uporiste slovenskog paganizma). ottovi izvestaji nepobitno vezuju riigen (rujan) sa slovenskim paganizmom i takođe vezuju Waringe za rujan i time za slovene.
već smo pomenuli jedan još stariji pomen Waringa od strane ptolomeja pod imenom Pharadini (sto zvuci jako slično kao Varini ili Waringi). ptolomej kaže da su oni živeli pored saksonaca (u holstajnu) i koji su bili saveznici angla sto takođe ukazuje da su Pharadini isto sto i Varini i Waringi. ime varina (Waringa) se pojavljuje u imenu reke Warina, Warna, koja daje ime mestima Warnof i Warnemiinde koja se oba nalaze na baltickoj obali.
prokopius takođe pominje Waringe i govori o udaji cerke jednog od kraljeva istocne engleske za kralja Waringa. ovi saveznici prastarih Angla su ostavili svoj trag u istoriji istocne evrope. njihov uticaj na stare slovene u rusiji je bio ogroman. u konstantinopolju Warangijska garda grckih imperatora je imala politicki uticaj. visok stas i svetla put i plava kosa i oci ovih ratnika sa severa je ostavila dubok uticaj na grke i azijate iz kontstantinopolja.
Hauscarls, licna garda vikiskog kralja Knuta velikog u engleskoj je bio kopija vizantijske kraljevske garde. i ova vojna formacija je takođe bila sastavljena od Waringa. (ja dodajem da je u to isto vreme spanski kalif takođe imao istu takvu gardu, verovatno takođe sastavljenu od Waringa, samo sto su je muri zvali „slovenska garda” cisto da ne bude zabune). po fizickom izgledu, Warangijski saveznici Angli su verovatno bili slični Warangima. i dan danas u zabacenim delovima engleske koje su originalno naselili Angli i njihovi saveznici, a gde je stanovnistvo ostalo manje više ne promenjeno od tad, visina lokalnog stanovnistva je iznad britanskog proseka. (ja se pitam da li su svi angli ustvari bili sloveni???) najveci uticaj Waranga je bio među starim istocnim slovenima gde su oni doveli vizantijsku crkvu i kreirali hrišćansku rusiju.
jedan od najinteresantnijih plemena angla koja su se naselila u englesku je bilo pleme Lindisfarne. to ime se nije originalno idnosilo na malo ostrvo blizu Northumbrijske obale, već na uzak obalski pojas nasuprot ostrvu. linsiwaran je bio deo obale između reka lindis i waran (gore smo pomenuli reku warinu ili warnu iz nemacke). ostrvo Bede kaže da je lindiswarne bilo sveto ostrvo ljudi koji su živeli na obali nasuprot ovom ostrvu. ovo malo pleme Angla (Anglske konfederacije, verovatno Waringi, sloveni) je jedno od najinteresantnijih plemena Angla za koje imamo sacuvane podatke. kraljevi ovog plemena su tvrdili da poticu od Wodena. nije nemoguće da je njihovo sveto ostrvo nosilo ime Halig isto kao sto u friziji sveto ostrvo nadomak obale i dan danas nosi ime Heligoland. Wendi sa baltika koji su živelo pored Angla su takođe imali svoje sveto ostrvo Riigen (Rujan) gde se nalazio njihov glavni paganski hram. posedovanje svetog ostrva na kome se obavljaju sveti obredi je verovatno bio deo religije i zato kad su se doselili u Northumberland izabrali su ostrvo Lindisfarne kao centar svog religijskog kulta. kasnije kada su pokrsteni, na ovom ostrvu je izgradjen cuveni manastij Lindisfarne.
na baltiku su Angli i Waringi naseljavali holstajn donji deo jutlanda, neka danska ostrva i čak delove skandinavskog poluostrva. (moja primedba: ovo se tačno poklapa sa pozicijom danevirke).
saveznistvo Angla i Waringa ukazuje na konfederaciju. od tacita na ovamo se ova dva plemena stalno pominju zajedno. u vreme karla velikog se pominje zakonik koji se zove „Leges Anglorum et Werinorum”, zakonski kodeks Angla i Waringa. Zemlja Angla i Waringa se na zapadu granicila sa zemljom frizana, na jugi sa zemljom saksonaca a na zapadu sa zemljom wenda. imigracrija Angla u britaniju je bila toliko velika i zauzela je toliku teritoriju, da je nemoguće da je sve to postignuto samo sa populacijom sa male teritorije koju su na baltiku drzali Angli, pa se zato pretpostavlja da je ime Angli bilo ime konfederacije u kojoj su ucestvovala mnoga druga plemena (moj komentar: verovatno slovenska jer je sve na istok bilo slovensko.).
u engleskoj postoje mnogobrojni toponimi koji pocinju sa Waring i sa Billing koja pokazuju gde su se naselili Waringi.